The Great Pyramid of Giza

The Great Pyramid of Giza

                  The Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza Necropolis bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact.

               Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu, Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10 to 20-year period concluding around 2560 BC. Initially at 146.5 metres (481 feet), the Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years. Originally, the Great Pyramid was covered by casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface; what is seen today is the underlying core structure. Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base. There have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid's construction techniques. Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place.

Grand Gallery

             The Grand Gallery continues the slope of the Ascending Passage, but is 8.6 metres (28 ft) high and 46.68 metres (153.1 ft) long. At the base it is 2.06 metres (6.8 ft) wide, but after 2.29 metres (7.5 ft) the blocks of stone in the walls are corbelled inwards by 7.6 centimetres (3.0 in) on each side. There are seven of these steps, so at the top the Grand Gallery is only 1.04 metres (3.4 ft) wide. It is roofed by slabs of stone laid at a slightly steeper angle than the floor of the gallery, so that each stone fits into a slot cut in the top of the gallery like the teeth of a ratchet. The purpose was to have each block supported by the wall of the Gallery rather than resting on the block beneath it, which would have resulted in an unacceptable cumulative pressure at the lower end of the Gallery.

              At the upper end of the Gallery on the right-hand side there is a hole near the roof which opens into a short tunnel by which access can be gained to the lowest of the Relieving Chambers. The other Relieving Chambers were discovered in 1837/8 by Colonel Howard Vyse and J. S. Perring, who dug tunnels upwards using blasting powder.

King's Chamber

               The King's Chamber is 10.47 metres (34.4 ft) from east to west and 5.234 metres (17.17 ft) north to south. It has a flat roof 5.974 metres (19.60 ft) above the floor. 0.91 m (3.0 ft) above the floor there are two narrow shafts in the north and south walls (one is now filled by an extractor fan in an attempt to circulate air inside the pyramid). The purpose of these shafts is not clear: they appear to be aligned toward stars or areas of the northern and southern skies, yet one of them follows a dog-leg course through the masonry, indicating no intention to directly sight stars through them. They were long believed by Egyptologists to be "air shafts" for ventilation, but this idea has now been widely abandoned in favour of the shafts serving a ritualistic purpose associated with the ascension of the king’s spirit to the heavens.

               The King's Chamber is entirely faced with granite. Above the roof, which is formed of nine slabs of stone weighing in total about 400 tons, are five compartments known as Relieving Chambers. The first four, like the King's Chamber, have flat roofs formed by the floor of the chamber above, but the final chamber has a pointed roof. Vyse suspected the presence of upper chambers when he found that he could push a long reed through a crack in the ceiling of the first chamber. From lower to upper, the chambers are known as "Davison's Chamber", "Wellington's Chamber", "Nelson's Chamber", "Lady Arbuthnot's Chamber", and "Campbell's Chamber". It is believed that the compartments were intended to safeguard the King's Chamber from the possibility of a roof collapsing under the weight of stone above the Chamber. As the chambers were not intended to be seen, they were not finished in any way and a few of the stones still retain masons' marks painted on them. One of the stones in Campbell's Chamber bears a mark, apparently the name of a work gang, which incorporates the only reference in the pyramid to Pharaoh Khufu.

Map of The Great Pyramid of Giza

     Picture of pyramid

         

  Thankyou for

           - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza

Facebook

Facebook

              Facebook is an online social networking service headquartered in Menlo Park, California. Its name comes from a colloquialism for the directory given to students at some American universities. Facebook was founded on February 4, 2004, by Mark Zuckerberg with his college roommates and fellow Harvard University students Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes. The founders had initially limited the website's membership to Harvard students, but later expanded it to colleges in the Boston area, the Ivy League, and Stanford University. It gradually added support for students at various other universities and later to their high-school students. Facebook now allows anyone who claims to be at least 13 years old worldwide to become a registered user of the website, although proof is not required.

     Owner  of Facebook

            Mark Elliot Zuckerberg (born May 14, 1984) is an American computer programmer, Internet entrepreneur, and philanthropist. He is best known as one of five co-founders of the social networking website Facebook. As of April 2013, Zuckerberg is the chairman and chief executive of Facebook, Inc. and his personal wealth, as of July 2014, is estimated to be $33.1 billion. Mark Zuckerberg receives a one-dollar salary as CEO of Facebook.

       Feature of Facebook in 2004

Thankyou for

     - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg

     - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook

The Nazca Lines

The Nazca Lines

                  The Nazca Lines are a series of ancient geoglyphs located in the Nazca Desert in southern Peru. They were designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994. The high, arid plateau stretches more than 80 km (50 mi) between the towns of Nazca and Palpa on the Pampas de Jumana about 400 km south of Lima. Although some local geoglyphs resemble Paracas motifs, scholars believe the Nazca Lines were created by the Nazca culture between 400 and 650 AD.[1] The hundreds of individual figures range in complexity from simple lines to stylized hummingbirds, spiders, monkeys, fish, sharks, killer whales, and lizards.

             The designs are shallow lines made in the ground by removing the reddish pebbles and uncovering the whitish/grayish ground beneath. Hundreds are simple lines or geometric shapes; more than 70 are zoomorphic designs of animals such as birds, fish, llamas, jaguars, monkeys, or human figures. Other designs include phytomorphic shapes such as trees and flowers. The largest figures are over 200 m (660 ft) across. Scholars differ in interpreting the purpose of the designs, but in general, they ascribe religious significance to them

     History

            Paul Kosok, a historian from Long Island University, is credited as the first scholar to seriously study the Nazca Lines. In the country in 1940-41 to study ancient irrigation systems, he flew over the lines and realized one was in the shape of a bird. Another chance helped him see how lines converged at the winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere. He began to study how the lines might have been created, as well as to try to determine their purpose. He was joined by Maria Reiche, a German mathematician and archaeologist, to help figure out the purpose of the Nazca Lines. They proposed one of the earliest reasons for the existence of the figures: to be markers on the horizon to show where the sun and other celestial bodies rose. Archaeologists, historians, and mathematicians have all tried to determine the purpose of the lines.

     The Nazca lines in different ways

       - Spider

     - Condor

      - Monkey

     - Humming bird

    - Dog

 Data and picture from

        - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca_Lines

        - http://gomoplaces.blogspot.com/2013/11

Top 10 country best livable in the world.

Top 10  country best livable in the world.

   

  10. Japan

          

              Japan has one of the most advanced and intricate transport systems in the world. As a society it is tolerant of many things, absolutely nothing you do will be frowned upon if you are in Japan, you can dress funny, wear wigs, sleep in public or even pass-out drunk (it means you are working hard!). What is even better is that they extend the same courtesy to religion too. The Government is excellent and the administration cares about the health and well-being of its people which is why the education system & healthcare system is high in quality and affordable. The food is rich in nutrient and convenience stores are aplenty. The Japanese are a hard-working lot so one might come across a harsh work atmosphere, the work hours are long and a high degree of dedication is expected of employees. Fun fact: the toilets have in-built heaters and coolers to regulate water temperature!

    9. Swizerland

             It is quiet little country in the Alps that is peaceful and freedom-loving. The public amenities are top-notch and public services are dispensed quickly and effectively leading to fewer queues and crowding. The people are polite and friendly.  The quality and quantity of consumer products is vast. Roads are wide and clean, sidewalks too. The country has a unique trait that sets it apart from all the other countries in the list i.e. direct Democracy. Ranked as one of the wealthiest countries in the world, it also is home to several multi-nationals companies, hence standing proof to the good job climate in the country.

       8. Sweden

              Sweden is reputed as the most advanced country for women. Women are given equal rights and are seen manning the workforce just as fiercely as men. In addition, the country offers universal healthcare to all its citizens wherein you pay very little for treatment.  If you are a kid, under 18 years of age, and a citizen of Sweden, your parents pay nothing for medical care! It’s all neatly factored into the healthcare system. This mirrors the proper and diligent utilization of tax resources. The presence of an independent and fearless media coupled with transparent politics ensures good governance practices.  In terms of environment, Sweden has very clean air and the long days and short nights in summer mean you can easily fit recreational activities in with your work schedule; it is never too dark to go out for a run! As a citizen of Sweden, you get 5 weeks paid vacation in addition to public holidays and sick leave! That alone could be a deal-maker for some!

    7. Ireland

           Ireland ties with Sweden with the same HDI. The Republic of Ireland also provides universal healthcare, funded by general taxation, for its citizens. A person may have to pay subsidized fees for certain kinds of treatment depending upon illness, age, income, etc. Maternity services are free and child healthcare services are provided free of cost to children up to 6months. The country has low rate of corporation tax. If you are an artist or a writer or engaged in any fine arts, Ireland is the place to be! All work of art is excused from taxation. In terms of living conditions, Ireland has a higher standard of living as compared to England, housing is cheap and most importantly, low crime rate evidences that it is a safe country. It boasts of all four seasons viz. summer, winter, autumn, spring and also of distinct cultural heritage. The Irish love to socialize and pubs are favoured hangouts.

     6. New Zealand

             If you have seen the Lord of the Rings trilogy, then you know that New Zealand is a country bestowed with spectacular views and gifted with photogenic landscapes! That apart, New Zealand has very low population which would mean no crowding in public spaces and plenty of fresh air and more oxygen too (kidding)! The healthcare isn’t free but is heavily subsidized; emergency care is free, entirely. The banking system is well developed so you may find yourself dealing with very less cash; most transactions will get done through electronic transfers. The work atmosphere and job market is in good shape and as an employee you find yourself with an entire month of paid leave, 11 public holidays and a 14 week maternity leave for female employees that have been with the organization for over a year.  It is also a country that is very culturally diverse.

     5. Germany

                Germans are known all over the world as perfectionists but what very few people know is that Germans believe in the spirit of family and have immense respect for their roots and culture. A working class German citizen enjoys a minimum of 28 days of paid vacation, 14 public holidays and unlimited sick leave. Both the transport and banking system is highly developed. This means that you can get from anywhere to anywhere relying solely on public transport, which is not only cheap but also very clean and modern. As with New Zealand, here also electronic transfers find vast. Germany provides its citizens with very high quality food and drink. The Black Forest Cake so omnipresent in bakery shops today is a gift from Germany and so is the sausage! Germans love their beer! There are places where wine and beer cost less than water, this alone could be reason enough for some people to relocate to this beautiful country!

     4.Neatherland

         If you are in Netherlands, you are within driving distance of at least 5 other countries! You basically have every next vacation charted out for you! Still don’t see the reason to move to Netherlands? Let me give you a few more. The country has high life expectancy: that measure alone stands a witness to how conducive to life Netherlands is! Apart from that it is a very liberal society that is accepting of all people, race, gender and sexual preferences notwithstanding. The economic conditions are conducive to growth and entrepreneurial spirit is well-bred. The transportation is brilliant with some places boasting of 6 trains per hour! The country is also a patron of environmentally friendly practices and has bike paths everywhere! One shouldn’t be surprised if one saw more people on bicycles than in cars. Flowers are cheap in Netherlands since Amsterdam is the “flower-basket” of the world; a good country to be when Valentine’s Day is round the corner.

     3. United States of America

            This country doesn’t need me to be its publicist so let me provide a short summary of all the amenities it gives its citizens that has helped it ensure a good HDI ranking: Clean water, a well-managed waste disposal system, a high quality of life, good governance, variety of restaurants, amusement parks, social security schemes, unemployment benefits, etc. The Land of the Free also has immense cultural diversity; people from various countries, belonging to various religions have made this country their home. Let me also point out how it breeds innovation and entrepreneurial spirit which has been the seed for the technological revolution that gave us both the Internet and the Silicon Valley!

     2. Australia

            It isn’t surprising that Australia made it to the second spot on the list. A high standard of living, affordable housing, excellent public transport, an integrated Medicare system and world class education are just few of the many amenities available to an average Australian. The country is gifted in terms of natural environment and is the proud home to several beaches, landscapes and a wide range of wildlife. Australians enjoy sport and live a fit and enthusiastic lifestyle. There are world class restaurants. People are friendly and from diverse cultures. Presently, Australian MNC’s are falling short of skilled labour which translates into immense job opportunities capable of absorbing a large number of people.

     1. Norway

             Norway is not a member of the European Union. This is good news because it is safe from the economic turmoil currently being faced by EU countries. This could be the singular reason why it is in the throes of economic prosperity and able to afford the best climate for human well-being. The country’s virtues: free healthcare, fresh water, low pollution, low rate of violence, high life expectancy, transparent politics, strong social welfare system comprising of child benefits, unemployment benefits, pensions, maternity/paternity and medical benefits. The living expenses in Norway are very high but the incomes match them. The taxes also are high but the vast public amenities, particularly free education, is incentive enough; in addition the politics and administration is transparent. The Norwegian society is very peaceful and much more egalitarian than most other Western countries. Cherry on the top – Aurora borealis- Nature’s night light show! Why would anybody not want to live in Norway? There really is no answer to that question

        Data and picture from

             - http://listdose.com/top-10-most-livable-countries-in-the-world/

UFO

UFO (Unidentified Flying Object)

               An unidentified flying object, or UFO, in its most general definition, is any apparent anomaly in the sky that is not identifiable as a known object or phenomenon. Such anomalies may later be identified, but depending on the evidence or lack of evidence, such an identification may not be possible generally leaving the anomaly unexplained. While stories of unexplained apparitions have been told since antiquity, the term "UFO" (or "UFOB") was officially created in 1953 by the United States Air Force (USAF) to serve as a catch-all for all such reports. It was stated that a "UFOB" was "any airborne object which by performance, aerodynamic characteristics, or unusual features, does not conform to any presently known aircraft or missile type, or which cannot be positively identified as a familiar object." As originally defined, the term was restricted to those fraction of cases which remained unidentified after investigation, with USAF interest being for potential national security reasons and/or "technical aspects." (See Air Force Regulation 200-2.) During the late 1940s and through the 1950s, UFOs were often referred to popularly as "flying saucers" or "flying discs". The term UFO became more widespread during the 1950s, at first in technical literature, but later in popular use. UFOs garnered considerable interest during the Cold War, an era associated with a heightened concern for national security.

             Various studies have concluded that the phenomenon does not represent a threat to national security nor does it contain anything worthy of scientific pursuit (e.g., 1953CIA Robertson Panel, USAF Project Blue Book, Condon Committee). Culturally, the phenomenon has often been associated with extraterrestrial life or government-relatedconspiracy theories, and has become a popular theme in fiction.

    Studies

     Studies have established that the majority of UFO observations are misidentified conventional objects or natural phenomena—most commonly aircraft, balloons, noctilucent clouds, nacreous clouds, or astronomical objects such as meteors or bright planets with a small percentage even being hoaxes. Between 5% and 20% of reported sightings are not explained, and therefore can be classified as unidentified in the strictest sense. While proponents of the extraterrestrial hypothesis (ETH) suggest that these unexplained reports are of alien spacecraft, the null hypothesis cannot be excluded that these reports are simply other more prosaic phenomena that cannot be identified due to lack of complete information or due to the necessary subjectivity of the reports.

        While UFOs have been the subject of extensive investigation by various governments and although a few scientists have supported the extraterrestrial hypothesis, almost no scientific papers about UFOs have been published in peer-reviewed journals. There was, in the past, some debate in the scientific community about whether any scientific investigation into UFO sightings is warranted with the general conclusion being that the phenomena was not worthy of serious investigation beyond a cultural artifact.

The picture of UFO at the different time

  Data and picture from

       - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#History

       - http://eofdreams.com/ufo.html

Black Hole

Black Hole

          A black hole is a region of spacetime from which gravity prevents anything, including light, from escaping. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass will deform spacetime to form a black hole. The boundary of the region from which no escape is possible is called the event horizon. Although crossing the event horizon has enormous effect on the fate of the object crossing it, it appears to have no locally detectable features. In many ways a black hole acts like an ideal black body, as it reflects no light. Moreover, quantum field theory in curved spacetime predicts that event horizons emit Hawking radiation, with the same spectrum as a black body of a temperature inversely proportional to its mass. This temperature is on the order of billionths of a Kelvin forblack holes of stellar mass, making it all but impossible to observe.

           Objects whose gravitational fields are too strong for light to escape were first considered in the 18th century by John Michell and Pierre-Simon Laplace. The first modern solution of general relativity that would characterize a black hole was found by Karl Schwarzschild in 1916, although its interpretation as a region of space from which nothing can escape was first published by David Finkelstein in 1958. Long considered a mathematical curiosity, it was during the 1960s that theoretical work showed black holes were a generic prediction of general relativity. The discovery of neutron stars sparked interest in gravitationally collapsed compact objects as a possible astrophysical reality.

    Structure of blackhole

              When an object falls into a black hole, any information about the shape of the object or distribution of charge on it is evenly distributed along the horizon of the black hole, and is lost to outside observers. The behavior of the horizon in this situation is a dissipative system that is closely analogous to that of a conductive stretchy membrane with friction and electrical resistance—the membrane paradigm.This is different from other field theories like electromagnetism, which do not have any friction or resistivity at the microscopic level, because they are time-reversible. Because a black hole eventually achieves a stable state with only three parameters, there is no way to avoid losing information about the initial conditions: the gravitational and electric fields of a black hole give very little information about what went in. The information that is lost includes every quantity that cannot be measured far away from the black hole horizon, including approximately conserved quantum numbers such as the total baryon number and lepton number. This behavior is so puzzling that it has been called the black hole information loss paradox.

      Many picture of black hole

  Data from

          - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole

The Bermuda Triangle

The Bermuda Triangle

         The Bermuda Triangle, also known as the Devil's Triangle, is a loosely defined region in the western part of the North Atlantic Ocean, where a number ofaircraft and ships are said to have disappeared under mysterious circumstances. According to the US Navy, the triangle does not exist, and the name is not recognized by the US Board on Geographic Names. Popular culture has attributed various disappearances to the paranormal or activity by extraterrestrial beings. Documented evidence indicates that a significant percentage of the incidents were spurious, inaccurately reported, or embellished by later authors. In a 2013 study, the World Wide Fund for Nature identified the world’s 10 most dangerous waters for shipping, but the Bermuda Triangle was not among them.

Triangle Area

          The first written boundaries date from an article by Vincent Gaddis in a 1964 issue of the pulp magazine Argosy, where the triangle's three vertices are in Miami, Florida peninsula; in San Juan, Puerto Rico; and in the mid-Atlantic island of Bermuda. But subsequent writers did not follow this definition. Some writers give different boundaries and vertices to the triangle, with the total area varying from1,300,000to3,900,000km² (500,000to ,510,000 sq mi). Consequently, the determin ation of which accidents have occurred inside the triangle depends on which writer reports them. The United States Board on Geographic Names does not recognize this name, and it is not delimited in any map drawn by US government agencies.

            The area is one of the most heavily traveled shipping lanes in the world, with ships crossing through it daily for ports in the Americas, Europe, and the Caribbean Islands. Cruise ships are also plentiful, and pleasure craft regularly go back and forth between Florida and the islands. It is also a heavily flown route for commercial and private aircraft heading towards Florida, the Caribbean, and South Americafrom points north.

Description

      In the year 2553, Joseph Monaghan suggested that the cause of the sinking ship and airplane accidents. Caused by Methane gas formed. By the gas under the ocean in the Bermuda Triangle. When these gases rise to the surface. It will soar into the air And a broad expansion and formation of large gas bubbles. On any ship passing through the area. It into a giant methane bubble. As a result, these vessels lose control. And sunk in

Thankyou for

      - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle